Yuav ua li cas cov tshuaj yej hauv paus hauv Suav teb txhim kho mus rau hauv cov dej haus thiab nkag mus rau hauv tsev ntawm cov neeg zoo tib yam? Thaum twg cov tshuaj yej nthuav tawm thiab maj mam dhau los ua ib qho ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb ntawm Maritime Silk Road? Cov tshuaj yej ntsuab no txav mus rau tiam twg? Qhov kev nthuav qhia no xaiv ntau yam khoom pov thawj xws li cov qauv tshuaj yej export, export tshuaj yej teeb, paintings, nkoj qauv, thiab lwm yam., los ntawm plaub lub ntsiab lus ntawm lub hauv paus chiv keeb, ntau lawm, kev ncig thiab kev coj noj coj ua exchanges ntawm tshuaj yej, nthuav cov neeg tuaj saib nrog cov keeb kwm fragrance. txoj kev Maritime Silk Road.
"Hiav txwv Silk" tshuaj yej kab lis kev cai muaj keeb kwm ntev
Hauv Tanmen Chaw Nres Nkoj, muaj cov kab ua ke ntawm cov nkoj nuv ntses, thiab hauv qhov chaw nres nkoj tsis deb, Lub Tsev khaws puav pheej South China Sea yog qhov zoo, zoo li lub nkoj loj loj caij cua thiab nthwv dej hauv hiav txwv South China Sea. Kev nthuav qhia "Green Gold-Tea Trade ntawm Maritime Silk Road" tam sim no tso rau hauv Hall 8 tau nyiam ntau tus pej xeem thiab cov neeg tuaj ncig xyuas kom nres thiab saib.
Lub Tsev khaws puav pheej Nanhai tau tsim los ntawm Hainan Provincial Party Committee thiab Tsoom Fwv Xeev hauv teb rau lub teb chaws "Ib Txoj Kev Siv Ib Txoj Kev" pib. Maritime Silk Road series exhibitions yog ib lub ntsiab lus tseem ceeb nyob rau hauv lub tsev cia puav pheej exhibition system. Thaum lub Cuaj Hlis 2020, Nanhai Tsev khaws puav pheej, ua ke nrog Lub Tsev khaws puav pheej Peev, Fujian Tsev khaws puav pheej, Zhejiang Provincial Tsev khaws puav pheej thiab lwm kaum lub tsev cia puav pheej, tau sib koom ua ke thiab nthuav tawm qhov kev nthuav qhia "Longquan Mus Ncig Miles-Longquan Celadon ntawm Maritime Silk Road", uas yog lub tsev cia puav pheej Maritime. Silk Road series. Thawj tshooj ntawm kev nthuav qhia.
"Zoo li silk thiab porcelain, tshuaj yej kuj yog ib qho pov thawj tseem ceeb rau kev sib pauv thiab kev vam meej ntawm Maritime Silk Road." Xin Lixue, tus thawj coj ntawm South China Sea Tsev khaws puav pheej ntawm Tuam Tshoj (Hainan), tau hais tias txhawm rau nthuav dav kev nthuav dav ntawm Maritime Silk Road kab lis kev cai thiab txhawb kev coj noj coj ua hauv Suav teb, lub tsev khaws puav pheej tau koom nrog cov tub rog. Tuam Tshoj Tshuaj yej Tsev khaws puav pheej, Shanghai Tuam Tshoj Maritime Tsev khaws puav pheej, Shanghai Keeb Kwm Tsev khaws puav pheej, Guangzhou Shisanhang Tsev khaws puav pheej thiab Zhoushan Tsev khaws puav pheej koom ua ke npaj thiab launched lub exhibition "Green Kub-Tea Trade nyob rau hauv Maritime Silk Road", uas tau los ua ib tug series ntawm exhibitions ntawm lub Maritime Silk Road nyob rau hauv lub tsev cia puav pheej. Lwm tshooj ntawm phau ntawv.
Tshuaj yej, tsob nroj zoo kawg nkaus los ntawm Tuam Tshoj, yog ib qho ntawm Tuam Tshoj txoj kev koom tes tseem ceeb rau noob neej thiab ntiaj teb kev vam meej.
Raws li cov lus hais mus, "Xya yam qhib qhov rooj, taws, mov, roj, ntsev, kua ntses thiab vinegar tshuaj yej", cov xwm txheej ntawm cov tshuaj yej nyob rau hauv Suav social social life. Tuam Tshoj yog thawj lub teb chaws nrhiav thiab siv tshuaj yej. Tau ntau txhiab xyoo, tshuaj yej tau dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb thiab tshwj xeeb haus los ntawm Suav kev txawj ntse.
Tab sis thaum nws thawj zaug ntsib tib neeg, nws tau siv los ua tshuaj rau dig muag detoxification. Lu Yu's "Tea Classic" cov ntaub ntawv: Tshuaj yej yog rau haus, thiab nws yog los ntawm Shennong tsev neeg. Lub "Materia Medica" muaj cov ntaub ntawv hais tias "Shen Nong saj ib puas tshuaj ntsuab, thiab ntsib xya caum tshuaj lom nyob rau hauv ib hnub, thiab tau txais tshuaj yej los txo lawv."
Lub Tang Dynasty yog ib lub sijhawm uas muaj kev vam meej heev ntawm cov tshuaj yej kab lis kev cai hauv kuv lub tebchaws thaum ub. Nws tau hais tias tshuaj yej tau vam meej nyob rau hauv Tang Dynasty thiab vam meej nyob rau hauv Song Dynasty. Tshuaj yej nyob rau hauv Tang Dynasty tau los ua ib qho ntawm cov khoom tseem ceeb thiab nkag mus rau tib neeg lub neej txhua hnub. Ntau lub npe nrov tshuaj yej thiab tribute teas tshwm sim ib tom qab. Nws yog lub sijhawm no uas tshuaj yej pib them se, tshuaj yej pib muaj cov lus, thiab tshuaj yej pib ua phau ntawv. "Txij li thaum Lu Yu yug los hauv ntiaj teb, lub ntiaj teb tau kawm tshuaj yej tshiab", kev tshaj tawm ntawm Lu Yu's "Tea Classic" nyob rau hauv nruab nrab Tang Dynasty thawb tshuaj yej kab lis kev cai mus rau qhov siab uas tsis tau muaj dua.
Nws yog los ntawm lub sijhawm ntawd cov tshuaj yej tau kis mus rau North Kauslim, Nyiv thiab lwm lub tebchaws thiab thaj chaw nyob rau sab hnub tuaj Asia ntawm East China Hiav Txwv. Tom qab xyoo pua 17th, txoj kev loj hlob ntawm kev siv tshuab navigation tau txhawb kev sib pauv kev lag luam ntau zaus ntawm sab hnub tuaj thiab sab hnub poob, thiab cov tshuaj yej kuj tau kis mus rau ntau qhov chaw nyob Europe thiab Asmeskas. , Africa thiab lwm qhov chaw.
Nrog rau kev nthuav dav ntawm cov tshuaj yej-haus dej hauv Tebchaws Europe, tshuaj yej maj mam dhau los ua ib qho tseem ceeb ntawm cov khoom thauj mus rau dej hiav txwv mus ua lag luam. Nws tsis yog txog thaum xyoo 1820 uas tshuaj yej hloov cov ntaub lo lo ntxhuav thiab tau los ua cov khoom tseem ceeb tuaj rau Tebchaws Europe. Nyob rau theem ntawm kev lag luam thoob ntiaj teb no, ib qho tom qab lwm cov cim tau tshwm sim, thiab tus thawj coj, Suav tshuaj yej, tau dhau los ntawm cov txheej txheem nyuaj ib tom qab, muab tso rau hauv lub thawv tshuaj yej, thiab caij nkoj hla dej hiav txwv mus rau sab nraud ntawm dej hiav txwv. txuas ntxiv mus ntxiv.
Precious collection depicts cov yeeb yuj tshuaj yej kab lis kev cai
Nyob rau hauv lub showcase, cov duab puab "Bronze Pej thuam ntawm ib tug txiv neej nyob rau hauv Qing Bong Tea" los ntawm Otto Hoffman (1885-1915), lub teb chaws Yelemees, yuav piav raws li lifelike. Kuv pom tus txiv neej nyias nyias, tuav lub tais ntawm ob txhais tes, thiab ntsia cov tshuaj yej teeb nrog nws lub taub hau, zoo li nws ntshai tias cov tshuaj yej yuav nchuav vim nws cov kauj ruam. Ua tib zoo saib, cov khaub ncaws tseem yog carved nrog cov qauv Suav tsoos, thiab cov braids nyob rau sab nraum qab ntawm lub taub hau yog ua los ntawm cov ntaub plaub zoo.
Qing Dynasty yog lub sijhawm vam meej tshaj plaws ntawm kev lag luam teahouse hauv Suav keeb kwm. Txhua yam ntawm teahouses tau tawg nyob rau hauv nroog thiab nyob deb nroog. Lawv yog cov chaw pej xeem tseem ceeb hauv tib neeg lub neej niaj hnub, thiab yog qhov chaw ntawm kev sib raug zoo thiab kev lom zem thiab kev lom zem. Lawv tsim cov yeeb yuj teahouse kab lis kev cai nyob rau niaj hnub no. Hauv kev nthuav qhia, Qing Kangxi decals los ntawm Tuam Tshoj Tea Tsev khaws puav pheej, suav nrog Qing Kangxi decals hollowed tawm plaub-dimension plum thiab xyoob ob-clear elliptical ntshav av nplaum lauj kaub, thiab Qing Kangxi Taishi khawm decals thiab zaj-patterned ntshav av nplaum loj lauj kaub. , yog amazing.
Txoj kev loj hlob zoo ntawm kev lag luam tshuaj yej kuj tau ua rau muaj kev vam meej ntawm kev lag luam tshuaj yej. Lub sijhawm ntawd, thaj chaw tsim tshuaj yej xa tawm los ntawm Tuam Tshoj mus rau Tebchaws Europe feem ntau yog hauv Guangdong, Shanghai, Fujian, Anhui, Jiangxi, Jiangsu, thiab cheeb tsam Hubei thiab Hunan. Ua ntej xyoo 1840, Tuam Tshoj tau ua tus xa khoom loj rau lub ntiaj teb tshuaj yej khw.
Lub "19th Century Guangzhou Thirteenth Chamber Glass Painting" los ntawm kev sau ntawm Shanghai Tuam Tshoj Navigation Tsev khaws puav pheej yog qhov tseem ceeb heev. Hauv cov duab kos, muaj cov nkoj nuv ntses Suav, nkoj muaj hmoo, nkoj zaj, nkoj caij nkoj, thiab cov nkoj nkoj ntawm British East India Company ntawm Pearl River. Lub vying rau ntau pua lub nkoj sau txog keeb kwm zoo kawg nkaus ntawm kaum peb kab ntawm Guangzhou hauv Qing Dynasty.
Guangdong nyob rau ntawm ntug dej hiav txwv ntawm South China Sea, nrog ntau qhov chaw nres nkoj zoo hauv fjords. Keeb kwm, Guangdong tau yog qhov chaw nres nkoj tseem ceeb rau Tuam Tshoj thiab kev lag luam tawm txawv teb chaws. Txij li thaum Han Dynasty, nws yog ib qho chaw tseem ceeb rau Suav thiab txawv teb chaws maritime kev lag luam thiab kev lag luam. Xyoo 1757, tsoomfwv Qing tau tshaj tawm tsab cai "One-Port Commerce", ua rau Guangdong tsuas yog qhov chaw nres nkoj raug cai rau Tuam Tshoj txoj kev lag luam txawv teb chaws. Nrog rau nws qhov chaw zoo thaj chaw thiab cov cai tshwj xeeb, Guangdong tau monopolized kev lag luam ntawm Tuam Tshoj thiab sab hnub poob los ntawm Txoj Kev Hiav Txwv rau ze li ib puas xyoo. Tshuaj yej, porcelain, txhob lo lo ntxhuav thiab lwm yam khoom lag luam tau raug muag tas li los ntawm Guangzhou mus rau txhua qhov chaw ntawm lub ntiaj teb. Guangzhou kuj tau dhau los ua lub hauv paus tsim khoom thiab kev xa mus rau Suav txawv teb chaws kos duab ua haujlwm. puag.
Ntxiv rau Guangzhou, Fuzhou kuj tseem yog qhov chaw nres nkoj tseem ceeb rau kev lag luam tshuaj yej raws txoj kev Maritime Silk Road. Fujian yog lub xeev loj tsim tshuaj yej. Cov chaw tshuaj yej nyob rau sab qaum teb sab hnub tuaj Fujian thiab Northwest Fujian tuaj yeem thauj mus rau Fuzhou yooj yim dua los ntawm tus dej Minjiang. Ntau cov tshuaj yej ntau lawm thiab kev thauj mus los yooj yim ua rau Fuzhou tshuaj yej kev lag luam nce sai. Xyoo 1844, Fuzhou tau qhib ua qhov chaw nres nkoj txawv teb chaws, tab sis vim muaj ntau yam, tsis muaj kev lag luam tshuaj yej loj tau tsim. Txog thaum muaj qhov tshwm sim ntawm Taiping Heavenly Kingdom War, cov kev xa tawm Fujian tshuaj yej los ntawm Guangzhou thiab Shanghai raug txwv. Tsoomfwv Qing tam sim ntawd tshem tawm qhov txwv tsis pub xa tawm tshuaj yej los ntawm Fuzhou Chaw nres nkoj. Fuzhou Chaw nres nkoj tsim sai heev. . Nyob rau hauv 1863, tag nrho export ntim ntawm Fuzhou Chaw nres nkoj yog thib ob tsuas yog Shanghai.
Kev sau rov tsim dua "Hiav Txwv Silk" tshuaj yej kev lag luam saw
Tongcao painting yog ib hom xim dej pleev xim rau ntawm nyias slices txiav los ntawm stems ntawm Tongcao. Raws li cov txheej txheem suav tshuaj tshwj xeeb, nws tau vam meej hauv Guangzhou hauv yav qab teb Tuam Tshoj hauv xyoo pua 19th. Nws tau raug xa tawm thiab muag rau lub ntiaj teb thaum lub sijhawm ntawd. Kev lis kev cai hauv zos, kev ua neej nyob, kev lis kev cai pej xeem thiab kev lis kev cai, thiab lwm yam, yog hu ua "Oriental postcards." Nyob rau hauv no exhibition, cov tshuaj yej ntsuab luam paintings coj los ntawm lub kaum peb kab Tsev khaws puav pheej nyob rau hauv Guangzhou depict vivid thiab tiav scenes nrog meej cov ntsiab lus ntawm cov cim, vividly qhia cov txheej txheem ntawm tshuaj yej cog, ntau lawm, ntim, hnyav, thiab kev yuav khoom.
Tus neeg tawm tswv yim nthuav tawm qhia tias tom qab thawj Tsov Rog Tawm Tsam, Tuam Tshoj raug yuam kom qhib Guangzhou, Xiamen, Fuzhou, Ningbo, thiab Shanghai ua chaw nres nkoj lag luam, thiab cov neeg lag luam txawv teb chaws tuaj yeem hu ncaj qha rau tag nrho cov tub lag luam hauv cov chaw lag luam. Yog li ntawd, lub teahouses ntawm lub sij hawm no hloov lub kaum peb tradesmen thiab tau los ua tus intermediary tsev ntawm cov tshuaj yej luam ntawm Tuam Tshoj thiab txawv teb chaws lub teb chaws. Kev tsim khoom thiab kev ncig ntawm cov tshuaj yej kev lag luam hloov mus rau hauv: tshuaj yej ua liaj ua teb, tshuaj yej muag, tshuaj yej khw, tshuaj yej tsev, tshuaj yej khw, thiab khw muag tshuaj yej. Compradors, cov tuam txhab txawv teb chaws, thiab cov neeg siv khoom txawv teb chaws. Nyob rau hauv lub showcase, ib daim ntawv teev cov tshuaj yej tsheb thauj mus los, qhia meej thiab lwm yam sau los ntawm lub lig Qing Dynasty reproduced loj loj muaj saw tom qab cov tshuaj yej luam.
Ntau lub tuam txhab lag luam loj nyob sab Europe tau txais txiaj ntsig zoo heev los ntawm txoj kev lag luam no.
Hauv kev nthuav qhia, cov qauv tshuaj yej nrog keeb kwm ze li 300 xyoo ua rau tib neeg rov qab mus rau qhov kev lag luam tsis sib haum xeeb. "Cov qauv tshuaj yej no muaj nuj nqis heev. Nws tau khaws cia los ntawm lub nkoj tawg ntawm Swedish Gothenburg lub nkoj nqa 370 tons ntawm tshuaj yej. Lub Tuam Tsev Teev Ntuj Tshuaj yej muaj hmoo tau khaws ob daim ntawv theej. Qhov no yog ib qho ntawm lawv," Zhang Peilan, tus thawj coj saib xyuas ntawm. South China Sea Museum.
Thaum Lub Ib Hlis 11, 1745, lub nkoj xa khoom mus rau dej hiav txwv "Gothenburg I" ntawm Swedish East India Company tau tawm ntawm Guangzhou rov qab los tsev. Lub nkoj tau thauj khoom nrog txog 700 tons ntawm Suav cov khoom, suav nrog tshuaj yej, porcelain, txhob lo lo ntxhuav thiab txuj lom. Tom qab yim lub hlis ntawm kev caij nkoj, Gothenburg mam li nco dheev tsoo pob zeb thiab ntog hauv hiav txwv txog 900 meters deb ntawm qhov chaw nres nkoj Gothenburg. Xyoo 1984, cov neeg Swedes pom Gothenburg pw hauv qab dej hiav txwv. Txog xyoo 1986, qhov kev cawmdim tshiab tau pib, thiab kev cawmdim tau txuas ntxiv mus txog xyoo 1993. Tau ntau pua xyoo, tib neeg tau khaws cov tshuaj yej ntau nplooj thiab cov porcelain zoo heev rau kev haus tshuaj yej.
Nyob rau hauv lub xyoo pua 18th, lub tuam txhab British East Is Nrias teb pib ua tus thawj tswj hwm lub ntiaj teb tshuaj yej kev lag luam, thiab maj mam ua tus thawj tswj hwm lub zog ntawm Tuam Tshoj txoj kev lag luam tshuaj yej, tswj cov tshuaj yej muag, txwv tsis pub muaj cov tshuaj yej tuaj rau hauv UK, tswj tus nqi tshuaj yej, thiab monopolized thoob ntiaj teb tshuaj yej khw. Suav tshuaj yej xa thiab muag los ntawm British East Is Nrias Tuam Tuam Txhab suav txog 33 feem pua ntawm tag nrho cov tshuaj yej muag hauv Guangzhou xyoo 1770, thiab mus txog 80 feem pua thaum pib ntawm lub xyoo pua 19th.
Nrog rau kev sib kis ntawm cov tshuaj yej tawm txawv teb chaws, kuj tseem muaj cov tshuaj suav tshuaj yej ua tshuab, tshuaj yej cog tshuab, tshuaj yej haus txoj kev, tshuaj yej ethiquette thiab exquisite tshuaj yej teeb, thiab lwm yam. Cov tshuaj tsw qab ntawm tshuaj yej tau ua ib tug qauv. Tshuaj yej ntawm Maritime Silk Road tsis yog tsuas yog "ntsuab kub", nws kuj tau dhau los ua ib qho kev tshaj tawm ntawm Suav kab lis kev cai.